The Coquina Rock Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks

Type of Rock The rock coquina is originally a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are made up of sediments. The sediments are formed by the mechanical or chemical activities of the natural activities like running water, blowing wind, glaciers etc. this which causes disintegration and decomposition of the pre-existing rocks. The products of decay are transported to some depositional sites by the natural agencies, where they get deposited and with subsequent compaction form sedimentary rocks (Hefferan, O’Brien, 2010). . The sedimentary rocks usually accumulate under a great variety of conditions. This shows the variation in rock, chemical structure as well as in texture. Weathering is the most important process that operates in the†¦show more content†¦Rock Composition The most common chemical sedimentary rock is limestone. Composed mostly of the mineral calcite (CaCO3), limestones are formed by biochemical processes in shallow seawater (Jahnert, 2012). Coral and algae are especially important limestone builders. Coquina is a form of biochemical limestone. It is an allochemical rock, meaning it is made up of mostly broken down shells, skeletal remains, and gravel (sand). Most coquinas are composed of invertebrate seashells, usually mollusks, and shells of saltwater organisms but freshwater versions exist as well (Schmidt, 1979). Other variations of limestone result from the deposition and cementation of calcium†rich shells, shell fragments, corals, algae, and the remains of tiny marine organisms. (Hefferan, O’Brien, 2010). ). Coquina contains little to no matrix (cement) and what matrix does exist is composed of firm microcrystalline calcite. Under the Folk Classification, coquina contains allochmes. Allochems are types of fossils with sparite cement which would make it biosparite. Coquina rock has the ability to absorb large amounts of water. This absorption of water makes the surface of the coquina constantly damp. According to the Dunham Classification, which is a produced classification of carbonate rocks, coquina falls under grain-supported and lacks mud. Everything that keeps the rock held together is mostly the shells themselves. Every rock has specific mineral properties that

Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 1051 Words

Legalization of Marijuana Take A Closer Look Those who oppose legalizing marijuana tell us that legalizing it would be seriously detrimental. Are they looking at the facts? Or do they just believe the same myths that our parents created when they were trying to stop us from becoming drug addicts? Letrsquos take a closer look at the facts. Violence surrounding drug dealing would be lessened by legalizing marijuana because small time drug dealers would essentially be forced out of business. Larger companies who could produce high quality marijuana at lower cost would prevail. Most people would buy from these companies because they would know the product was free of adulterants and would contain no poisons. Wars between dealers of†¦show more content†¦They found that smoking tobacco was a greater hazard than smoking marijuana, and that the dangers of drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana were about the same. Their studies indicated that regular use of marijuana did not lead to a higher mortality rate. The DEA has also admitted that marijuana does not pose a very big health risk. There is a difference between relatively harmless and safe. Drinking water is relatively harmless until you drink too much, upset your electrolyte balance, and suffer death. Driving a car is relatively harmless until you drive into a tree. Nothing is safe for all people all the time. Marijuana, like anything else, will pose health risks when abused or used irresponsibly. Virtually anything may be addictive. Housework may be addictive, but to say that it is would be ludicrous. To millions of people like me, housework is anything but addictive. Roller-skating may be addictive. Should we put warning labels on roller skates? For a drug to be classified as addictive, it must be proven that numerous individuals have trouble discontinuing its use or that it interferes with other life activities. National epidemiological surveys show that one third of Americans over the age of twelve have used marijuana. Of those same people, only nine percent have used marijuana in the past year and only 2.8 percent have used it in the past week.Show MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, â€Å"95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried pot at least once, and three out of every four illicit-drug users reported using marijuana within the previous 30 days† (ONDCP). The decriminalization and eve ntually legalization for the recreational use of marijuana will bring forth benefitsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1282 Words   |  6 Pages On November 8th, 2016, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative may be included on the ballot. The people of California will vote on whether to legalize the recreational use of cannabis for adults. The move targets at regulating the consumption of the drug and taxing it like other legalized drugs. California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996 (National Institute of Drug Abuse). 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With a deficit of over 1.1 billion marijuana sales could alleviate bothRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana972 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1st the states of Colorado and Washington officially began the regulation of legal marijuana sales. Thousands of people from all over the country including tourists from Wisconsin, Ohio, Chicago, and even Georgia lined up out front of dispensaries to make a purchase. Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana628 Words   |  2 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, the plant of the cannabis, has been around since the early 1900’s. Throughout history, marijuana has been used illegally, for both recreational and medical uses. Recently, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes, like aiding HIV/AIDs patients, healing migraines and controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy. Today, there are currently 21 American states that have legalized medicinal marijuana including two states that have legalized recreational marijuana

The Exchange of the Relationship of the Ras function as a GTPase

Question: Explain Relationship of the Ras function as a GTPase? Answer: Introduction The ras p21 proteins belong to the family of the related polypeptides found in all the eukaryotic living organisms from yeast to human. Their exceptional developmental conservation recommends that they have the fundamental cell capacities, in spite of the fact that the specific role they play remains obscure. The mutations in particular amino acids and the overexpression of ordinary proteins have got connected to the changed proliferation as well as the differentiation and, especially, to neoplastic procedures. The mature ras p21 proteins happen to get situated on the internal side of the plasma layer(Rhodes, et al., 2013). Furthermore, their biochemical properties incorporate the binding and the exchange of the guanine nucleotides and the GTPase activity. The favored speculation for ras capacity is that these proteins exist in harmony between a dormant compliance (p21.GDP) and the active conformation (p21. GTP) in which they can interface with their up 'til now obscure cell target o r targets. Likenesses in the cell area, structure, and the biochemistry with other regulatory (G) proteins propose that they assume a significant role in the transduction of the signals from the surface of the cell. Molecular Description of the ras p21 Protein ras p21 genetic group does the coding for a gathering that gets firmly to 21kDa (kilo Daltons) proteins having an exceptional proclivity for the guanine nucleotide sequences. On the other hand, the cell proteins having the comparable chemical and biological properties, altogether called the G-proteins, incorporate the G proteins responsible for the regulation of the adenylate cyclase(Spandidos, 2013). Which further involves the regulation of the alpha subcategory of the transducin of the outer bar of the retina. The as of late recognized rho quality proteins, and maybe likewise the prolongation elements. The Guanine proteins consists of the parts within the cell flag transduction, the ras proteins have shared similarities with the cell function within the interceding cell proliferation control. Late advance in the process of cloning and the gene sequencing of the earlier mentioned qualities, the excessive production of the quality items in the Escherichia coli, the engineerin g of the protein(Inoue, et al., 2013). The detailed biochemical portrayal, also, the atomic structure which gets controlled through the high determination the X-beam crystallography, the duo has clarified within the incredible detail of the p21 protein structure including the capacity of the p21 ras proteins. Structure of the Protein The crystalline structure of the protein has a considerable high resolution, among the typical eukaryotic oncogene protein is the c-H-ras. The protein lacks an adaptable of the carboxyl group deposit uncovers p21 protein which comprises of the six beta strands of the protein sheet, further has the four alpha helices, and the nine interfacing circles. About four circles get included in associations with the already bound guanosine diphosphate sequence(Wittinghofer, 2014). The strand sequence which comprises the phosphates, the other strand has a ribose group and the remaining two consists of the bases of guanine. The vast majority of the changing proteins consists of just single amino acids that gets substituted one after another. The organic elements of the staying five circles and other uncovered districts are at present obscure. Be that as it may, one circle relates closely with the binding site for the single cloned counteracting agent and the transformations in the last area don' t modify guanine nucleotide official or guanosine triphosphates movement however they do lessen the changing action of actuated proteins(Wittinghofer, et al., 2013). Relationship of the Ras function as a GTPase Ras p21 assumes an essential part in intracellular flag falls intervening signs from the receptor and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase to catalyze the cytoplasmic or atomic rections. Mutant types of the Ras p21 contribute in a vital path to the change of an assortment of tumor cells, and in this manner, Ras p21 is named an oncogene. Ras p21, an individual from the G-protein family, motions by performing GTP/GDP nucleotide trade. This can be initiated or hindered by other effector proteins. The structure appeared here is of Ras p21 complexed with a GTP simple (GMPPnP) to imitate the initiated type of the protein(Wittinghofer, et al., 2013). Ras proteins happen to be proto-oncogenes that often get transformed in the human cancers during the process of mutations. They get encoded by the three universally expressed gene including HRAS, KRAS and NRAS. These proteins get the GTPases that capacity as the molecular switches controlling the pathways in charge of the cell proliferation and its survival. The Ras p21 protein assists in the transmission of the signs within the cells commonly referred to as the signal transduction in the cells. The activated Ras aids in the activation of the protein kinase role of the RAF Kinase enzyme(Zhang, et al., 2014). Furthermore, the activated Ras also do activate the serine or the threonine-selective protein kinases in the cell.an example of the serine or the tyrosine or the threonine enzyme is the MEK and the MAPK. The p21 protein regularly gets regulation through the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs). The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors helps to enhance the binding activity of the GTP and the role of the GTPase activity in the invigoration of the inherent GTP enzyme that regulates the movement of the protein(Ostrem, et al., 2013). The enzyme GTPase also helps in the turning on conformation and turning it off. The distorted Ras capacity is related to hyperproliferative formative issue and malignancy and in tumors is related to a solitary transformation regularly at codons 12, 13 or 61(Dror, et al., 2015). Change at these monitored destinations favors GTP official and produces constitutive initiation of Ras. Imperatively, all Ras isoforms share succession character in the greater part of the locales in charge of GDP/GTP official, GTPase movement, and effector collaborations proposing useful repetition. Notwithstanding this, it has turned out to be progressively clear that Ras protei ns show isoform-particular capacities. These utilitarian contrasts are no doubt connected with the novel C-terminal hypervariable area (HVR) in each isoform, which is thought to balance the Ras/layer cooperation to indicate particular confinements in organelles and flagging nanoclusters. Binding Characteristics of Ras Protein The ras p21 protein has got the carboxyl terminal domain which facilitates the binding property. Further, the ras [protein has the GTP Binding proteins that perform the critical function in the signaling and the conformation with its binding characteristics. The protein consists of the amino acid sequences. In its structure, three of the amino acids happen to be hydrophobic and always exposed on the surfaces of the protein(Kumar Srivastava, et al., 2016). The hydrophobic amino acids include the A121, A122 and the L171. The hydrophilic amino acids remain buried deep inside the protein. Besides, only two of the total amino acids have got charges, K16 and the D57 amino acids. The two charged amino acids occur deeply inside the protein. The non-charged amino acids remain on the protein surface. The K16 and the D57 amino acids actively participate in the GDP and the GTP binding through the formation of the hydrogen bonds. Although, in the two areas of the ras protein consisting of the ami no acids 116-119 and from 145-147happens to be highly conserved in all the ras molecules and they get themselves involved in the binding to the purine base of the GDP(Stephen, et al., 2014). Hence, the hydrogen bonds get formed in between the N116 and the D119, and the S145 and the A146. The N116 plays a key role in the determination of the conformation of the site for the GDP binding. In the instances in which the Ras protein p21 gets switched on as a result of the incoming cellular signals, the p21 protein would subsequently put on the other proteins, that at the end turns on the genes which get involved in the cell growth, its differentiation and the survival. Usually the mutations in the ras genes leads to the production of the permanently activated p21 proteins(Kumar, et al., 2015). Due to the permanent activation of the Ras proteins would lead to the unintentional and the overactive signaling within the cell, even in the cases where there are no incoming signals. Due to the incoming signals resulting to the cell growth and the division, the overactive Ras signaling results to the ultimate cause of cancer. The three common human genes include the HRas, KRas, and the NRas are the key cancer causative oncogenes in human beings. Conclusion The ras protein p21 belongs to the family of the polypeptides that got commonly found in all the eukaryotic organisms. The protein has a three-dimensional structure that has got folds. As any other protein, it comprises of amino acids which are either polar or non-polar. The amino acids play a significant role in the GDP and the GTP binding to their designated sites. The ras protein gets controlled by the GEfs which promotes the GDP dissociation and stimulates the GTP binding. The protein consists of the amino acid sequences. In its structure, three of the amino acids happen to be hydrophobic and always exposed on the surfaces of the protein. The hydrophobic amino acids include the A121, A122 and the L171. The hydrophilic amino acids remain buried deep inside the protein. In the protein structure, a carboxyl terminal exists which enables the GTP binding capacity. The protein has got the crystalline structure which has a resolution of about 2.7 A. References Dror, R.O., Mildorf, T.J., Hilger, D., Manglik, A., Borhani, D.W., Arlow, D.H., Philippsen, A., Villanueva, N., Yang, Z., Lerch, M.T. and Hubbell, W.L., 2015. Structural basis for nucleotide exchange in heterotrimeric G proteins.Science,348(6241), pp.1361-1365. Inoue, S., Hao, Z., Elia, A.J., Cescon, D., Zhou, L., Silvester, J., Snow, B., Harris, I.S., Sasaki, M., Li, W.Y. and Itsumi, M., 2013. Mule/Huwe1/Arf-BP1 suppresses Ras-driven tumorigenesis by preventing c-Myc/Miz1-mediated down-regulation of p21 and p15.Genes development,27(10), pp.1101-1114. kumar Srivastava, V., Chandra, M., Saito-Nakano, Y., Nozaki, T. and Datta, S., 2016. Crystal structure analysis of wild type and fast hydrolyzing mutant of EhRabX3, a tandem ras superfamily GTPase from entamoeba histolytica.Journal of molecular biology,428(1), pp.41-51. Kumar, A., Najafzadeh, M., Jacob, B.K., Dhawan, A. and Anderson, D., 2015. Zinc oxide nanoparticles affect the expression of p53, Ras p21 and JNKs: an ex vivo/in vitro exposure study in respiratory disease patients.Mutagenesis,30(2), pp.237-245. Ostrem, J.M., Peters, U., Sos, M.L., Wells, J.A. and Shokat, K.M., 2013. K-Ras (G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions.Nature,503(7477), pp.548-551.Rhodes, S., Skinner, R.H. and Paget, M.J., 2013. CHARACTERIZATION OF RAS PROTEINS PRODUCED AT HIGH LEVELS IN THE.ras Oncogenes,170, p.141. Spandidos, D. ed., 2013.Ras oncogenes(Vol. 170). Springer Science Business Media. Stephen, A.G., Esposito, D., Bagni, R.K. and McCormick, F., 2014. Dragging ras back in the ring.Cancer cell,25(3), pp.272-281. Wittinghofer, A., 2014.Ras Superfamily Small G Proteins: Biology and Mechanisms 2. Springer International Publishing. Wittinghofer, F., Kabsch, W. and Pai, E.F., 2013. Ute Krengel, Ilme Schlichting, Axel Scheidig, Matthias Frech, Jacob John, Alfred Lautwein.The Superfamily of ras-Related Genes,220, p.183. Wittinghofer, F., Kabsch, W. and Pai, E.F., 2013. Ute Krengel, Ilme Schlichting, Axel Scheidig, Matthias Frech, Jacob John, Alfred Lautwein.The Superfamily of ras-Related Genes,220, p.183. Zhang, S.C., Nouri, K., Amin, E., Taha, M.S., Nakhaeizadeh, H., Nakhaei-Rad, S., Dvorsky, R. and Ahmadian, M.R., 2014. Classical Rho Proteins: Biochemistry of Molecular Switch Function and Regulation. InRas Superfamily Small G Proteins: Biology and Mechanisms 1(pp. 327-340). Springer Vienna.

Marvel harvard case free essay sample

1. In your view, what strategic direction should Marvel Enterprises’ Vice Chairman Peter Cuneo and his colleagues pursue? Why? How? I think that Cuneo and his colleagues should put their focus on characters less-known by the general public. I think they should try to incorporate them with larger characters to draw interest to them, similar to how the newest Dark Knight movie ended with Robin. Once they have a basis of characters then they could focus on more capital intense options to make more profit. Their big characters have made them a lot of money but it can only last for so long. The general public is more into the movie aspect then comics and their other profits are generated from the movies. How many sequels of a movie can be made before it is a bust? I believe if they tie in their famous characters with more developing characters they could branch out tremendously from there in all aspects of their business. We will write a custom essay sample on Marvel harvard case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Why was Marvel’s turnaround so successful? Would you characterize that success as a fluke? Or do you view it as sustainable? Why? How? I would not call Marvel’s success a fluke. I believe they struck gold and didn’t know it and then they took off from there. Most of what they did was licensing of characters they have had for decades. They weren’t spending major capital hoping to have a success. Instead they charged for their character’s and would make more if that company was successful. They had very little to lose as a bad movie or product would most likely not have a major negative effect on their comics sales, which is what they were most focused in, in the beginning. I believe this success can be sustainable as they created a huge market in many different categories so if they keep satisfying the markets needs and wants, there will be profit to be made. 3. How important are Marvel’s three divisions comic books, toys, and licensing to its past and future performance? Comics were a huge part of their past as Marvel was known for just that, comics. While they are still produced and making a profit, Marvel has other aspects of business generating much more profit. The comics are important still as they provide income and possibly lead to profit in their other areas of business. The toys are much more important now than they were in the past. Toys created off of hit movies with Marvel’ characters are Marvel’s second biggest profit generator. Licensing is Marvel’s bread and butter. It’s how they got to where they are today. In the past licensing didn’t do much for Marvel. Now it is their greatest profit generator and definitely the reason they are successful as they are. Whether or not Marvel chooses to license less and do it on their own, there will still be large amounts of profit to be made from licensing. 4. To what extent is Marvel’s success due to only one character, Spider Man? How can Marvel develop its lesser known characters? I covered part of this question in question 1. I believe their success is almost solely due to Spider Man. Spider Man started it all for them and it just took off from there. While they have done much more since the first Spider Man movie, I think without it, they wouldn’t be where they are today. I know I never liked comics or the characters but I saw Spider Man and enjoyed it. From there I have seen most of their comic related movies because the entertainment they offer. I’m sure other people are the same way and possibly became major fans and purchased related merchandise that made Marvel successful.